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Best Supplements for Runners: Insights from a Sports Nutritionist

Written by Josh | Jan 3, 2025 12:53:42 AM

The Supplementation Dilemma

Given the current landscape in the endurance sport X nutrition space, where undereating, low energy availability, and energy deficiencies are the predominant feature of that landscape (and not just by a little bit), I am always reluctant to write about supplements in general, let alone supplementation from a performance-enhancing perspective. 

Experience tells me that people will reach for supplements much more readily than make the changes required to the bigger rocks in their life. They’ll buy the beetroot juice faster than they will buy into the idea and implementation of eating a better breakfast and going to bed earlier. And when they have someone in a position of perceived knowledge and authority (such as a Nutritionist, Coach, or experienced athlete that they look up to) endorsing a certain supplement, or other “shortcut”, they are more likely to do that.

It isn’t that I am against the use of supplements or looking at specific pieces of equipment. I am most definitely in the pro-supplementation camp. Just in the right context. Bringing me back to my favourite saying: 

CONTEXT MATTERS

Factors to consider when deciding on supplements:

  • Current diet
  • Training intensity
  • Age and sex
  • Medical conditions
  • Overall health objectives

Performance Enabling or Performance Enhancing?

The supplements I have chosen below are ones in which I believe there is a case to be made for them to be either performance enabling or performance enhancing

To clarify these concepts:

  1. Performance enhancing strategies aim to directly and immediately improve an athlete's capabilities in areas like speed, strength, or endurance.
  2. Performance enabling strategies support overall health and wellbeing, building a strong foundation for consistent training, effective recovery, and long-term peak condition.
  3. Performance limiting habits negatively impact an athlete's ability to train or perform optimally. These include poor sleep, inadequate nutrition, insufficient recovery, and neglected mental health.

While enhancing strategies target short-term performance boosts, enabling strategies ensure sustained athletic development and career longevity.

A Balanced Approach

In practice, successful athletes and their coaches typically employ a balanced approach, integrating both performance enhancing and enabling strategies. This combination allows for immediate performance gains while simultaneously investing in long-term athletic development and health.

For example, I often recommend protein supplements to clients who are far from their protein intake goals. This supplementation can provide immediate benefits while we work on implementing long-term dietary changes. However, it's crucial to view this as a stepping stone, not a final solution.

The Foundation of Success

The key takeaway is this: optimal athletic achievement is built on a foundation of health and wellbeing. While performance-enhancing methods can provide valuable boosts, their effectiveness is ultimately limited by the athlete's underlying health and resilience.

If you're struggling with sleep issues, nutritional imbalances, unstructured training, or stress in work and relationships, asking "Will this supplement make me run faster?" may be the wrong question to ask. Instead, you should perhaps consider addressing more fundamental aspects of your performance enabling diet and lifestyle first.

Remember, there are very few, if any, legal supplements that can overcome the limiting factors of poor strength, conditioning, fueling, recovery, and emotional regulation. By focusing on these performance-enabling factors, you create the conditions necessary for consistent training, effective recovery, and sustained peak condition.

While I believe that supplements certainly have their place in an athlete's toolkit, they should compliment, not replace, a solid foundation of good habits and practices. The supplements I have outlined below are the ones I believe can and do best compliment a broader wellbeing approach. They are deliberately macro, being products that we would tend to take in larger millgram to gram amounts rather than the micro of nutrients such as iron, zinc, etc., which, while being valuable and having their time and place, are primarily used to address deficiencies in a therapeutic sense and are thus best prescribed by a suitably qualified professional who has a solid understanding of these nutrients and their interactions. 

My Key Supplements for Runners

1. Carbohydrate (drinks, gels, bars, lollies)

  • Benefits: Energy source, glycogen replenishment
  • Performance enabling: Maintains daily energy levels, enhances recovery
  • Performance enhancing: Provides quick energy during long runs/races, reduces perceived effort
  • Dosing: 30-120g per hour of training/racing, depending on intensity and individual factors

2. Protein (powder, drinks, bars)

  • Benefits: Muscle repair, recovery, immune function
  • Performance enabling: Aids adaptation to training, maintains lean body mass
  • Performance enhancing: Accelerates recovery, may improve strength for sprints/hill climbs
  • Dosing: 20-40g per serve, 1-2 times daily

3. Creatine (creatine monohydrate)

  • Benefits: Improved power output, faster recovery
  • Performance enabling: May enhance glycogen storage, support bone density
  • Performance enhancing: May improve sprint performance, aid in recovery during intervals
  • Dosing: 5g daily, mixed with carbohydrate

4. Caffeine (coffee, caffeine pills)

  • Benefits: Increased alertness, reduced perception of exertion
  • Performance enabling: Reduces fatigue, improves focus and motivation
  • Performance enhancing: Maintains higher intensities with less perceived effort
  • Dosing: 3-6mg/kg body weight, 45-60 minutes before activity

5. Omega-3 Fish Oil

  • Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, joint health, cardiovascular health
  • Performance enabling: Supports overall health and immune function
  • Performance enhancing: May improve oxygen delivery to muscles
  • Dosing: 2-3g daily of total EPA+DHA

6. Beetroot Juice (Nitrates)

  • Benefits: Improved blood flow, enhanced oxygen utilization
  • Performance enabling: Supports cardiovascular health, may improve exercise efficiency
  • Performance enhancing: Can increase time to exhaustion, may improve high-intensity efforts
  • Dosing: 300-600ml (5-8 mmol nitrate) 2-3 hours before exercise (concentrated beetroot shots [70-140 ml] are available and can be more convenient than whole juice)

7. Electrolytes

  • Benefits: Maintain fluid balance, aid hydration, support muscle/nerve function
  • Performance enabling: Supports daily hydration, enhances recovery
  • Performance enhancing: Maintains hydration during long runs, aids temperature regulation
  • Dosing: Sodium 300-600mg per hour of exercise, up to 1000mg for events >2-3 hours

8. Sodium Bicarbonate

  • Benefits: Buffers against lactic acid buildup
  • Performance enabling: May allow higher intensity workouts, potentially speed recovery
  • Performance enhancing: Improved high-intensity performance, especially for 1–7-minute efforts
  • Dosing: 0.2-0.4g per kg body weight, 60-90 minutes before exercise

9. Beta Alanine

  • Benefits: Increases intramuscular carnosine, buffers against hydrogen ion buildup
  • Performance enabling: May enhance training capacity, reduce fatigue during intervals
  • Performance enhancing: Delayed onset of muscular fatigue, most effective for 1–4-minute efforts
  • Dosing: 3-6g per day, divided into smaller doses, 4-6 week loading phase

Special Considerations:

  • Individual responses to supplements can vary significantly
  • Some supplements may have side effects or interact with medications
  • Quality and purity of supplements are important considerations
  • Always test new supplements in training before using in competition
  • Consult with a qualified sports nutritionist for personalised recommendations

Making broad recommendations for supplements can be complex due to individual needs and potential risks. A food-first approach is crucial, with supplements complementing, not replacing, a balanced diet. Runners should consider supplements when nutritional needs can't be met through diet alone, such as during peak volume training, specific fitness goals, or lifestyle constraints.

Source: Jamie Scott, Sports and Performance Nutritionist